Development


 * __Important Definitions: __**

//Parthenogenesis// - The development of an egg without fertilization (Parthenogenesis, n.d.).

**__The Beginning__**

The first case of Parthenogenesis was in 1900 when scientist Loeb pricked an unfertilized frog egg with a needle and discovered that sometimes it would begin normal embryonic development. This started more development into the science of cloning and eventually lead to more artifical cloning. Since then almost every major group of animals have cloned via artificial parthenogenesis. Although this is the case, most of the time the cloned offspring suffers from incomplete and abnormal development (Lim, 2006).

Gregory Goodwin used temerature change and chemical agents to induce artificial parthenogenesis in rabit eggs in 1936. The rabbit appeared to be normal, but the clone was actually a mistake. The parthenogenesis took place by administering thermal shock treatment to a female rabbit (Lim, 2006).

In 1997 the first mammal was sucessfully cloned - A sheep named Dolly. Dolly was created at Roslin Institute in Scotland by Scientist Wilmut (Caulfield, 2007). Althought it was a sucess, Dolly had complcations including lung cancer and arthritis. She was put to death Feb. 14, 2003 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2009). Since cloning Dolly, there has been a spark of interest and concern about cloning humans.